One of the problems, which are studied in Islamic Jurisprudence and has obtained many disputations on it is the problem of silence of defendant. Whenever a person sets forth a claim to a judge the judge requests the defendant to state his or her opinion about the claim. If the defendant replies to the request, he either denies the claim or accepts it. So there would be two react each of which has its own litigation. But there is another supposition; the defendant may by silent; He may neither deny nor accept the claim. What the judge can do in such a situation? Here in this article the question at hand will be studied upon the principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Therefore first we will explain the question, and then we will study the Jurist's deferent answers to the question. Finally we will come to our solution to the problem

Intering technology, made some challenges in all areas of the justice system. One of these challenges is a remote procedure that can be used in areas such as remote testify, remote defendant and … In this paper, recent field survey approach doctrins of common law, Fegh and iranian law have been considered. reducing costs and expedition of process is the result of internig technology that is in front of these principles of proceeding. This paper particularly with regard to exposure confrontation clause is important in the area of virtual proceedings or in other areas.

Defendant can use the whole of defense styles to defend versus claim of plaintiff. After issuance of the ultimate judgment in favor of the plaintiff, defendant cannot allege new action according to Supreme Court decision as a unified judicial precedent, number 3746 in Octpber 26, 1959, to escape judgment consequences. In case of issuance of ultimate judgment in respect to correlated actions, hearing or other collated claim includes res judicata. Regarding that judgment consists of different materials, overgeneralization is not correct about whether justified reasons of judgment have res judicata or not. Matters of law and evidence of the parties don’ t have res judicata, but cause of action of plaintiff has res judicata whether judgment issued in his favor or in his loss. It is not possible to bring the action for annulment of document to juridical act (cause of former action) which official document is regulated according to that. However, it is possible to bring the action for annulment of document for the registered deed itself to judicial act because of not having res judicata.

In order to avoid making conflicting judgements, and to reduce multiplicity of actions and judicial costs, some institutions such as ancillary and related claims have been considered in Iranian law. Nonetheless cross-claim does not exist, that is, whenever there are two or more plaintiffs or defendants, one plaintiff can litigate against co-plaintiff and one defendant can file a lawsuit against co-defendant. Various institutions have been adopted in U. S Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for joinder of claims and permissive or compulsory joinder of parties. Therefore, the drafters have endeavored, by getting away from common law and based on equity, to prevent multiplicity of cases among parties and adjudicating different aspects of same or common issues of law and fact together. One of these mechanisms is cross-claim by witch whenever there are more than one plaintiffs or defendants in action, one plaintiff is able to litigate against the other and a defendant can start a case against co-defendant on the understanding that there is a logical relation between original and cross claims. This article examines the possibility of using this institution in Iranian Law.

One of the controversial issues regarding the jurisdiction of the administrative court of justice is to clarify the institutions under its jurisdiction. From the beginning of this court’s formation, there have been posited two approaches in this regard: first: restriction of the defendant to the executive power, and second: inclusiveness of the court’s jurisdiction to all of the institutions with the public power. This article while explaining the concept of government in the administrative claims, strengthens the latter approach as the desirable one. This study with a descriptive-analytical method and scrutiny on law and judicial precedent indicates that the first approach isn’t accepted by law and judicial precedent with the emphasis on the theory regarding the nature of administrative-executive actions of the institutions having public power. The approach of inclusiveness, not completely, but with some exceptions is also accepted by law. Although the defendant isn’t restricted to the executive power from the perspective of judicial precedent, but this viewpoint is also far from the second approach and all the institutions having public power aren’t under the jurisdiction of the court.

In the light of comparative law developments in recent years, the Criminal Procedure Code of 2013 has introduced numerous institutions and mechanisms into the Iranian criminal justice system that, through the emergence of a concurrent justice, prosecution of the accused is suspended in exchange for some of the orders suggested by the prosecutor or reconciliation with the plaintiff. Proper implementation of these strategies, which are interpreted as alternatives to criminal prosecution, has shortened the intervention of the criminal system and accelerated the resolution of disputes arising out of the crime, giving the accused an opportunity not to stay immune from criminal labeling without getting involved with the criminal process and compensating the victim’ s damages in a short time. Successors of prosecution, however, face challenges such as the ambiguous status of the defendant’ s rights. In fact, the nature of such proceedings raises many questions, including whether the right to defense in these proceedings differs from that of ordinary criminal proceedings? And are the defendants’ rights observed in the same way as classical rights? This article seeks to provide appropriate solutions to these rights for these methods by studying and criticizing the legal rights of the accused in prosecution alternatives.

The traditional method for studying non-stationary signals is spectrogram based on the short-time Fourier transform (STFT). The well known limitation of the STFT is the inherent trade-off between time and frequency resolution. The Wigner-Ville (WV) distribution has the best time-frequency resolution, but its draw back is generating cross-terms. The matching pursuit (MP) distribution based on using the Gaussian atom is always positive, does not include crossterm, and has convenient resolution. In this paper, we have shown in addition to the known properties, the MP distribution can also remove the additive noise inherently. On the other words, we are able to remove the noise just by limiting the algorithm iterations and without paying any additional cost. Although the MP distribution based on using the Gaussian atoms is always positive and it has convenient resolution, according to the MP the time marginal and the frequency marginal will not be obtained accurately. In this paper, it has been shown that by implementing the minimum cross entropy (MCE) technique according to the MP distribution as a priory positive distribution, the new extracted distribution has the most similarity to the MP distribution and it also satisfies the correct time and frequency marginal.

Introduction: Effective plaque removal is an important factor in the long-term clinical success of dental implants. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of a powered toothbrush (Power Cross-Action) and a manual toothbrush (Cross-Action) in the control of plaque and soft tissue inflammation around implants supporting mandibular overdentures.Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-over clinical trial. The subjects included 10 edentulous subjects, aged 47-73 years, with removable mandibular overdentures supported by 2 unsplinted implants, all the subjects wore maxillary complete dentures. The study consisted of two 4-week phases separated by a 2-week interval. In each phase each subject randomly used one toothbrush type. Two days prior to each phase, the implants were polished. Plaque and bleeding indices were recorded before and after brushing. Data was analyzed by t-test using SPSS software (a=0.05).Results: Both toothbrushes reduced the indices under study. Means of plaque index decreases were 0.5 in manual toothbrush and 0.44 in powered toothbrush. Means of bleeding index decreases were 0.27 in manual toothbrush and 0.3 in powered toothbrush. There were no statistically significant differences between the two toothbrush types in changing plaque index (p value=0.88) and bleeding index (p value=0.91).Conclusion: Both toothbrushes were efficient in plaque control around implants which supported mandibular overdentures and there was no difference between them. Patients can use one of these toothbrushes depending on personal preference and comfort.